Test checklists for Biological Process Technology

Topics: Fluid Flow and Mixing

Topic: Fluid flow (Pilot test)

1. Fluid properties affected the
2. Nature of the flow heavily depends on
3. Fluids is a substance which
4. Shearing force can cause
5. Fluid can be classified as
6. Viscosity is
7. The concept of Ideal fluid described as
8. Transition from laminar -> turbulent depends on
9. Formulae for circular cross-section; with stirred vessels
10. What range for Laminar, Turbulent, Transition
11. Other factor for stirred vessels
12. Boundary layer is
13. Viscous drag are
14. What causing fluid to flow
15. Formulae for Newton’s Law of Viscosity

	τ	μ	-dv/dy
Denotation Dimension SI unit Relatives Newtonian f.
Graph sketch

16. Non-Newtonian fluid is
17. Viscous drag is an element of
18. Formulae to correlate momentum with Newton’s fluid

i. Pseudoplastic


ii. Dilatant


iii. Bingham plastic


iv. Casson Plastic

Project Daily Log

Project Title: Lignocellulosic Pre-treatment using acid-base treatment

Day1

1. Calculate w/v% of ashes from plucked branches to get the minimum level for pH 11.
2. Ashes is weighed by using electronic balance.
3. pH is determined with pH meter. To use pH meter, the equipment must be calibrated with two standard buffers. Both glass probe and reference electrode are rinsed with distilled water.
4. All data is collected for standard curve.

Results so far;

m/v	pH
0.5/100ml	11.00
0.5/500ml	10.82
0.1/500ml	10.55
0.01/500	9.41
0.01/600	9.32
0.01/700	9.24
0.01/800	9.08
0.01/900	8.94
0.01/1L	8.77

Replicate 2

m/v	pH
0.01/200ml	9.75
0.01/300ml	9.51
0.01/400ml	9.29
0.01/500	9.09
0.01/600	8.81
0.01/700	8.60
0.01/800	8.31
0.01/900	7.98
0.01/1000	7.76

The Easy Day Was...Yesterday

First laboratory task for final year project. And the words that blinked, and I'm still hearing in my self is "The only easy day was yesterday". Which are the motto of U.S. Navy Seals but I actually picked up from my favorite game of Modern Warfare. Yes. The only easy day was yesterday. I must face my hard time afterward. Its really hectic even the task is quite easy, but I'm not a very smart student-cant catch up many things in one time. I felt like my head is burning. Cht, my supervisor is so optimist and keep saying, easy matter la...Geez, am I gonna do this? How am I complete the mission? pweffh. Is it the right choice for me to do such project. I the only one who know my limits. Hell yes. I have to admit I'm a bit slow; in taking a tonne of information of a split second, and readily to make decision if something turn wrong. Such a burden for me.

But on the other side of me, still saying (instinct I guess) to hold on, keep trying and keep practicing. You have gave up a lot of things. You have to achieve something; successfully. For my own good. "If you want to be a scientist, you have to practice your skills; because scientist we do the research, we are at the frontier, we makes medicine, not the doctor." one of my lecturer said in morning class.

p/s: Okay, I try my best shot to end this 'suffer'. Insya-Allah.

Weekend Outdoor Activity

Last Saturday I went to Broga Hill for some outdoor activities-hiking. This is my first time in my life-real hiking, yes, I was never climb a mount/hill before. It is so amazing and adventurous. Now I can imagine how challenging and how people feel struggling to reach the highest peak; especially mount climbing (> than 500m).

So, we have decided to depart from our college at 4 am in the morning, so we dont want to miss the sun rise view from top of the hill. It is dark, therefore, torch light is very useful due to safety. The hill is steep and at some part, there are trenches. So better careful. It takes about an hour to reach the first plateau.

Even we start climbing early in the morning, there are a lot of people who also have the same mission with ours. In many level, youll see a group of person rest for a while-you are not alone. Some are they are very helpful. Most of them are college student-like my age. Even the hill is only 400m height, but as for me its sufficient to test our mental and physical.

When I arrived at the first peak, I was suprised that there are crowds of people here. Some of them resting, chit chating, I also saw tents. Maybe they stay for couple of days. I arrived at 6:00 am and pray fajr (subuh) jamaah at the plateau (also first time at high altitude). From here it is visible to see the Broga town with lights and other places (i dont exactly know, KL i guess). Its a very nice terrain like viewing the Google Earth at ground level.

I was informed that there is 4 plateau for Broga Hill. So I have completed all four 'checkpoint' to search a better view when the sun come up. The most amazing yet nice view is the third peak. Because blady grass is everywhere. So it looks like european grassland mountain or savannah-I suppose. Truly, this is so cool!

To accomplished the fourth peak, the true challenge is around the corner. First, the surface is mainly covered with rocks and extra careful needed-because rocky surface is more slippery than soil. At the last stage, there are big rocks that blocking your way up, therefore you need to climb with rope (much easier) and at this point, some people there help me up. (thanks bro). For me, thats is the most exciting moment. And our prize is-> sun rise and 400m sign board which give us 'certificate' that we have owned Broga Hill! Ya-ha!

p/s: terasa seronok juga mendaki. Addicted. heh.

I want to be An Astronaut

Bila terkenang balik zaman persekolahan aku pasti akan teringat akan cita-cita yang diimpikan. Yalah, tak semua yang kita nak itu kita akan dapat. Heh. Zaman sekolah dulu kan seringkali cikgu, kawan-kawan akan ajukan soalan semacam ini, "Bila besar nanti kau nak jadi apa?" atau "Apa cita-cita awak". Ya. Tersenyum sendirian bila fikirkan semula. Dulu, aku bercita-cita untuk jadi astronaut. Oh, bahasa melayunya angkasawan. Tapi macam kurang enak sahaja bila dengar. Takpalah, KIV dulu. Kenapa astronaut. Sebab dari kecil aku memang suka tengok awan. Lagi-lagi kalau waktu malam. Ia penuh misteri. Ada benda yang diluar jangkaan manusia. Ini pun tak nafi didorong oleh ayah saya (heh, bukan jadi pun). Sebab ayah aku minat dia suka kumpul majalah National Geographic. Memang berlambak-lambak koleksi dia di rumah. Antara penemuan yang menarik semestinya eksplorasi dan eskpidisi angkasa.

Aku ada terbaca satu artikel dari National Geographic berkenaan dengan extra-terrestrial, maksudnya hidupan lain di luar. Memang menarik sekali, kerana ramai saintis dan pemikir mencipta teori berkenaan ini. Ada yang menyangkal, ada yang menaruh harapan. Dari kecil jugalah sampai sekarang aku masih belum dapat jawapan yang pasti. Apakah ada hidupan lain di luar sana? Apakah adanya 'diri kita' dalam dimensi lain diluar sana? Sebab, bukankah bumi hanyalah satu planet kecil dari sistem suria? Dan sistem suria kita hanyalah satu bintik kecil dalam galaksi bima sakti. Habis yang lain bagaimana pula? Bermilion-milion lagi bintik tambahan galaksi bukan satu tapi banyak. Apa mungkin tiada hidupan semacam kita diluar sana. Fuh. Rasa macam jadi Einstein pula. Tapi satu saja yang aku belum buat; dan sepatutnya aku buat terlebih dahulu. Kaji Al-Qur'an. Al-Qur'an pasti ada jawabannya.

Dan kenapa pula aku tiba-tiba terfikir tentang astranaut. Ini kerana aku terjumpa satu komik korea (terjemahan gempakstarz) satu-satunya siri komik yang berilmiah (heh.) dan paling menarik. Tajuknya SURVIVAL IN SPACE: ASTRONAUT TRAINING. Jalan ceritanya memang kelakar dan mudah faham. Biar aku cerita sedikit tentang komik best ini. Ia mengisahkan 3 calon muda, dua berasal dari korea dan seorang dari Russia dalam menjalani latihan untuk pemilihan untuk menaiki soyuz di Russia. Ketiga-tiga budak ini memang dipilih terbaik dari kalangan terbaik. Masing-masing mahu mengharumkan nama tanah air mereka.

Jadi komik ini memberikan gambaran latihan-latihan asas sebelum layak menjadi seorang angkasawan. Hah, satu lagi. Angkasawan/ astronaut/kosmonaut sebenarnya gelaran yang diberi kepada pemandu kapal angkasa dan specialist angkasa sahaja, yang naik sekejap itu dipanggil 'pelancong angkasa'. Macam yang Datuk Syeikh Muszaphar. Bagi aku, aku cukup bangga dan beliau merupakan orang yang cukup hebat kerana mewakili bangsa melayu nusantara ke angkasa. Kena ubah minda Melayu. Biar tinggi angkasa (foah). Bukan senang nak ke sana. Latihan-latihan yang dijalankan cukup mencabar mental dan fizikal. Ini lebih dari latihan ketenteraan. Ini kerana;

Pertama: Saringan kesihatan dibuat dengan teliti, hampir boleh dikatakan tidak boleh mempunyai kecacatan. Saya pernah menghadiri suatu majlis bersama Syeikh Muszaphar di Kelantan pada 2008 yang menyatakan bahawa, fizikal badan yang sihat sahaja lulus, parut sedikit pun tidak diterima (wau!).

Kedua: Pengetahuan yang amat-amat mantap berkenaan angkasa, bumi, graviti, dan yang berkaitan. Ada temuduga oleh pakar-pakar angkasa. Fizik kena mantap.

Ketiga: Latihan fizikal dan mental. Ini paling penting, kerana apa jua mungkin boleh berlaku apabila di angkasa. Seseorang perlu berfikir pantas dan membuat keputusan dalam keadaan tekanan. Antara latihan yang (pergh) dijalankan adalah; kerusi pusing selama 10 minit (pening tahap gaban), zero-gravity, parachute jump, simulasi altitud tinggi, simulasi kapal angkasa dalam air, latihan survival di laut, dan banyak lagi.

Memang dahsyat untuk jadi seorang angkasawan!

"This is one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind." -Neil Armstrong

Jahiliyyah Period: Arabs before Islam

Chapter 1: Human and Jahiliyyah Community

1. The word Jahiliyah originated from Arabic root word ‘jahala’ and its derivatives, ‘jahalun’ and ‘jahalatun’ which mean ‘lacking of knowledge’ and ‘astray’.
2. From the Koran, the jahiliyyah people is mentioned by any of these four characteristics:

i) No prophecies and revelation (guidance)
ii) No civilization
iii) The peoples have no good manner
iv) Referred as jahiliyyah because illiterate

Having said that, any people at any period of time which have at least one of these characteristics is also considered as jahiliyyah.

3. In the Koran, the period of Jahiliyah is not restricted to a define period of time. Many Arabic dictionaries also stated the term in general, and majorly referred to the period before Islam came. (pre-Islam)
4. In Arabian Peninsula context, jahiliyah era last for three centuries. It is started just after the collapse of Saba’ kingdom or in the final period of Himyar Kingdom around 300 BC until the revelation of Koran and the prophecies of Prophet Muhammad SAW (610M)
5. In that particular period, there is neither revelation nor prophecies as for guidance. The development and the civilization are almost perished because they do not learnt or inherit any knowledge from the previous generation. In addition, the moral crisis among the people also worsening the lifestyle at that time. This last until the Koran is revealed. So that’s why the Arabs are called as ‘Arab Jahiliyyah’.
6. According to a prominent orientalist, P.K.Hittin, he stated that the term jahiliyah is not referred to lacking of knowledge but only in religion. He said that there no both prophets and holy book revealed at that time but the arab is already have a high level of civilization. His statement is almost accepted by many modern writers. This also includes Arab writers such as Ahmad Syalabi and Hassan Ibrahim Hassan. We must take not in Muslim world, there some people who are very comfortable when they are being praised, but they don’t realize that they have trapped by the orientalist in this case. This is the strategy by the orientalist to strengthen and injected nationalism among Muslim around the globe so that they recycle their old tradition; reviving the jahiliyah into the modern world.
7. P.K. Hittin’s statement is not correct (Roslan, 2001) if we see from the historical chronology. It undeniable that the southern region of Arabian Peninsula having the glorious time, but in the same time, the kingdom of Saba’ have the prophecies of Prophet Solomon. Therefore, at the earlier period, they followed the teaching of the prophet. Therefore Allah SWT blessed the kingdom as His promised. It same goes to Himyar Kingdom. But when both start to deviant from the teaching of the prophet, the kingdoms is destroyed and punished by Allah. And by the end of the time, the Arab civilization started to develop. The civilization are built from the ruins of both Saba’ and Himyar Kingdom.
8. In Jahiliyyah era, the Arabs live in ignorance, boastfulness, unlawful, sinful, immoral, and lacking of knowledge as mentioned in the Koran.

Summary
Jahiliyyah is the period before Islam where the people living in ignorance where there is neither prophecies nor revelations to guide them. Their lifestyle is limitless and no rules. In general, this period started after the destruction of Kingdom of Saba’ until the prophecies of Muhammad SAW revealed.

Chapter 2: Beliefs and Religion
1. In this period, the outside culture influences most of the religion pattern in Arabian Peninsula.
2. The peninsula is exposed to many outside influences as it employs open trade. They also made diplomatic relationship with other nations.
3. Mecca, Hirah, Yaman, Oman, and Bahrain are the most important international trade center which situated strategically in Arabian peninsula and many religion spread by this means. Mecca at that time is the important place for idol worshipping.
4. In this context, the religion in the Arab Peninsula can be categorized as:

i. Wathani Religion (idol worshipping)
ii. Zoroastrians (fire worshipping)
iii. Judaism
iv. Christianity
v. Hanif Religion (samawi)

5. Wathani religion is the most influenced the Arabs. According to Ibn Kalbi, the idol worshipping is initially brought by Umar bin Luai who imported the idea after visited Syria. He saw that the Balqa’ tribes worshipping idols, therefore bring the ritual back to Mecca.
6. As mentioned before, Mecca is the center of idol worshipping. It is known that approximately 350 idols built around Kaabah. Some of them are mentioned in Koran:

i. Al-Lat
ii. Al-Uzza
iii. Al-Manar
iv. Hubal

7. Zoroaster is originated from Persia. They have no holy books, no truth prophets. This religion mainly dense in the region of Oman, Yemen and Bahrain, which once are the territory of Persian Empire.
8. Judaism is originated from the teaching of Prophet Moses. Torah is the holy book that revealed to him. People who embraced Judaism is originally came from Banu Israel in northern Arabian Peninsula. Nevertheless, most of the teachings have been falsified and the Torah contents have been altered.
9. Christianity is the teaching of Prophet Jesus (‘Isa) which sent by Allah. Injil is the book for Christianity. The people are also originated from Banu Israel. Unfortunately they also altered the teaching of Prophet Jesus. This religion spread out throughout northern region of Arabian Peninsula by the Ghassan and Hirah people and Habsyah (Ethiopia) at the southern side. There are also in Mecca, where Waraqah Ibn Naufal is one of the examples.
10. Hanif Religion is brought by the prophet Abraham. In Koran, Allah SWT emphasized that Ibrahim is Hunafa and Muslim not Jews nor Christian. People, who embrace Hanif religion does not worshipping idols, gambling, drink alcoholic and other unlawful practices that Allah forbids.
11. Other side of the Arabs does not have religion and some are animisms. Palmyra and Petra worshipped sun and Ma’in People worshipped the moon. They also believe in superstitions and black magic.

Summary
In general, Arabs can be categorized into two, religious and non-religion (animism). Animism is dominantly embraced by the Arabs at this period.

Chapter 3: Politics and Governance
1. There is no ruling governance structure during Jahiliyyah period. All the states have been colonized.
2. Western and northern part is conquered by Roman Empire and eastern region mostly under Persian Empire control.
3. In the middle part of Arabia, including Mecca there is no colonization but the impact of colonization surround affected the people.
4. Mecca once has been attacked by the Yemeni army in the year of Elephant but they failed.
5. This shows that Mecca having an unstable political and governance structure.
6. It is worst condition at the region that has been colonized. Ghassan, Hirah and Yemen having great difficult time. The colonization separates the people into groups, clans, and fighting each other the get recognition and security from the ruling government.
7. This however differs than the Bedouin Arabs.

Summary
Although many area in the region has its own governance, but it is cannot be considered as civilized governance.

Chapter 4: Economy system1. The lifestyle of Arabs in many places in Arabia is luxurious mainly because they have main activities, which are trades and agriculture.
2. But this has been turned over when the region has been colonized.
3. In southern region, agriculture is badly affected since the destruction of Ma’arib dam. This lead the people migrate to the northern region. But in the northern region, only trading activity can be carried out as the soil is dessert soil.
4. This includes Mecca, Hirah and Ghassan but time by time merchants seem to be not interested and it is not much lucrative because trading activity is always disturbed.
5. Since the demolishing of Maarib dam, Himyar turns the agriculture to war. They started to search for new land. They undergone economy crisis and then fell into the hand of Habsyah government.
6. Habsyah government is under Persian Empire but Himyar is conquered by Roman Empire. This raises tension between the two regions and severely affects the economy activity at the region.
7. Therefore the Quraisy Arab exploits the trading activity and turn into one-way trade with the Bedouin Arab. In turn, the Bedouin robs the Quraisy merchant.
Summary
Economy activities in Arabian Peninsula have been affected by colonization. This also includes Mecca as they experience the impact of tension between two regions; Himyar (Roman) and Yemen (Persia). The trading activity also unstable due to robbery and the Arab clans keep fighting with each other.

Chapter 5: Social system and CultureThere is no significant difference between the Bedouin Arab and Hadhari Arab in terms of hierarchy. They are regulated by the system of Kabilah. Kabilah is a system that controls the people. This is how clan groups are established. These clans are always rivalry with each other and even war. Defeated clan will be slave. At this period, women do not have the right as the deserved. They never respect women and believed that they bring no luck for the clan.

Chapter 6: Knowledge and Intellectual
1. The Arab before Islam has little knowledge about politics and economy. But this does not sufficient to say that they are civilized.
2. Merchant is more toward sailing skills not to gain knowledge.
3. There is no inheritance of knowledge and most of them illiterate.
4. According to al-Baladhuri, Quraisy Arab is the most advanced tribe among the Arabs. Only 17 members of them can both read and write. They are; Umar al-khattab, Ali ibn Abi Talib, Uthman Ibn Affan, Abu ‘Ubaidah, al-jarrah, etc.
5. Therefore, they learn from mouth-to-mouth.
6. No writings or encryption found that illustrate the period.
7. In literature the Arabs are famously known in poetry. See table below:


--------------------------
Reference:
Tamadun Islam dan Tamadun Asia, Penerbit Universiti Malaya: 2001 translated by ibadurrahman 2011.

This week episode

Time is moving so fast. Even you didnt notice it passes. There is no way we could turn back the clock. There is no going back. So we have to keep moving. We have to prepare for everything. Yeah, its sound pretty easy.

So this week is raining season. Downpour at every evening. Even so, im still glad because the weather is cool. Thanks to god who creates rain. Usually it is considerably hot during evening, sometimes you'll feel your eye is dried. Today, thunderstorm blown my college. Yeah i know my

english sucks, but i dare to try. So at the evening i was in the lab, dealing with some sort of yeast experiment.

Its heavily rain when i noticed through the window. Even our the roadways around the faculty flodded. Never experienced like this before. So amazing. It is a coincidence. At the morning i studied about fluid flow, viscosity and flow pattern. Those flooded roadways demonstrate a good visual for me. Me win.